Alcohol use and cancer risk

Randall Starling, PhD

Campus Office of Substance and Alcohol Prevention

The Cancer Prevention Committee of the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommends minimizing drinking alcohol as it is considered a potential modifiable risk factor for cancer. In fact, alcohol is estimated to be responsible for 3.5% of all cancer deaths in the United States. Additional research indicates alcohol consumption is a risk factor for several malignancies including head and neck, esophageal, liver, colorectal, breast and others.

Studies are increasingly indicating alcohol consumption may also be a risk factor for skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (both types are known as nonmelanoma skin cancers), and melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer. The correlation between alcohol consumption and skin cancer incidence and mortality has been observed in all continents and appears independent of skin color. Many studies indicate that alcohol consumption/skin cancer risk is a linear relationship – the more you drink the higher the risk.

Some research found a small increase in skin cancer risk when compared to non-drinkers while additional research found significant risk increases for both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers among heavy drinking women (i.e., consuming over 7+ drinks per week) compared to non-drinkers, even when controlling for UV exposure. Interestingly, some research found alcohol intake had a far greater effect on melanoma risk at relatively UV-spared sites such as the trunk compared to highly UV-exposed sites such as the head, neck, or extremities. In regards to alcoholic beverage type and skin cancer risk, studies indicate liquor/spirits and white wine may have stronger associations which varied by biological sex and type of skin cancer.

While the mechanisms of alcohol and skin cancer risk are unclear, many believe that alcohol consumption may increase susceptibility to damage from UV light while suppressing the immune system. It is important to remember there are multiple risk factors for skin cancer and unprotected exposure to UV rays, either through sunlight or tanning beds, remains the most modifiable risk factor.

Additionally, skin cancer is easily treatable if caught early. While the science on alcohol consumption and skin cancer risk is not settled, the data suggests precautionary measures to reduce risk: use sun safety precautions (e.g., use a minimum of SPF 30, clothing that covers as much skin as possible, put on a hat, sunglasses, and seek shade) and if you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Faculty and staff can visit the Campus Office of Substance and Alcohol Prevention for additional resources on alcohol and other substances. If you or someone you know may be interested in alcohol research studies, visit the UNM Center on Alcohol, Substance use, and Addictions or for alcohol assessment and treatment services, visit the Alcohol Specialty Clinic, an outpatient alcohol treatment clinic available to residents of Albuquerque and surrounding areas. Also, you can discuss your use and concerns with your health care provider.